FORGOTTEN IRANIAN ARCHITECTURE THE EXAMPLE OF SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE (ABADS IN SISTAN AND WATERMILLS-BRIDGES IN DEZFUL), CASE OF IRAN

Ignoring sustainable basis of Iran s traditional architecture and different factors which affect it caused many parts of the forgotten structures to be destroyed. Although all the phylosephical and religious elements which are water, air, light, and soil have been used in the best way in the traditional architecture of Iran s city, aerodynamics and hydrolics from wind and water were the most employed useful energies,which were very efficiently used in the windmills and watermills, in Iran traditional architecture. The type of materials, structural techniques, and elements, which were used to keep these structures firm, were of high quality to sustain in the environment and they could adapt the man-made structures to the beautiful environment, in comparison with the existing materials. In addition, they could preserve the environment goodness. Windmills, which were built to benefit from 120-day winds of Sistan Province, are of the best examples of using natural powers. Some of the Iran s windmills are as old as 2800 years. Also, some historians consider the watermills to be around 1700 years old. The watermills can only be found in a limited number of areas, as their rotation require powerful and continuous flow of a river like Dez River.The method of the current research is of descriptive-analytical type. Data gathering was done in libraryand fieldwork methods. Following the study of the history of different windmills and Dezfoul watermills, we investigated the quotations from tourists, the books which have been remained from that time, and the belief of indigenous people to find the place, application, and the architecture of these wind and water mills. At the end, we concluded that the recognition of such examples of architecture can be a guide to build a comfortable environment, which is in harmony with the existing global organization. Thus, the values of traditional architecture and the traditions of environmental values of Iran s architecture have the potentiality to make an efficient use of energy and to reap reward from the ecological powers, specifically sustainable and harmless energy. For this reason, some examples of windmills and watermills were studied and their architectures were invesitigated. To preserve such precious historic remnants can be a center for attracting tourism and can bethe signs of cultural, articstics, and historical progress of a nation, which express its creativity and adaptability to nature in an excellent way.

Keywords:

Sustainable architecture , Traditional architecture , Asbads , Watermill , Dezful , Sistan , hydraulics , Overshot-wheeled watermill , Norse watermill , Floating watermill (undershot-wheeled watermill)