Biotherapies and biomarkers for cardiovascular Disease; an emphasis on heart failure

Abstract: Various biological markers which are molecular indicators of several pathophysiological stages of Heart failure (HF) are investigated as a powerful and reliable diagnostic and risk stratification tools and accurate predictors of treatment response for HF. Although the majority of biomarker studies in heart failure focus on their prognostic value, they can be used for many other purposes including selecting our therapy, leading to personalized tailored therapy and they can even become targets for therapy. There are several prognostic biomarkers which used in clinical assessment of patients with HF including natriuretic peptides (NPs), solubilized ST2, and galectin-3 and cardiac troponins that they have significant relevance to HF advance and mortality rate. Galectin-3 or sST2 would be optimal for improving NPs-based biomarker strategy in HF individuals and all of these biomarkers could individualize risk stratification and predict treatment response. These biomarkers provide us information about the mechanisms of biomarkers that reflect several pathophysiologic stages of HF and it is very important for the awareness of individual optimal treatment in specific types of heart failure and can identify patients at higher risk. In fact, personalized risk prediction and HF class evolution remain based on measuring biomarkers in HF patients. Several studies showed that biomarker-guided management of HF as part of the follow-up increase the survival benefit, lead to timely therapeutic intervention and they can be used effectively to measure the severity of heart failure. Therefore, by considering that heart failure is a clinical syndrome, involving the heart and many other organs, the focus of biomarker research in heart failure should shift more from their prognostic value, toward a better understanding of the pathogenesis of heart failure.

Keywords:

biomarkers , heart failure , natriuretic peptides , solubilized ST2 , Galectin-3 , cardiac troponin