Application of dendritic cell-derived exosomes in cancer treatment

Extracellular vesicles (EV) are secreted by most cells and can carry a variety of cargoes including proteins, lipids, DNA types and RNAs (1), and interact with cells as intercellular communication (2). EVs have innate therapeutic potential in a variety of fields, including cancer immunotherapy (3)(4) and regeneration medicine (5)(6) because of the bioactive cargoes they carry. It is expected that using these extracellular vesicles to utilize these vesicles in the treatment of cancer. Dendritic cell derived exosomes (DEX) have created a new class of vaccines for cancer immunotherapy. The alpha-fetoprotein(AFP) present in DEX (DEXAFP) has shown many antigens in immune responses that reflect tumor growth retardation and long-term survival in mice with hepatocellular carcinoma. It has been shown that the tumor micro-environment treated with DEXAFP were improved and IFN-γ and IL-2 expression increased from TCD8 + and the expression of FOXP3 + and CD25 + markers, T-regulatory cells and levels of IL-10 and TGF-β have decreased in the tumor site(7). The findings also show that DEX has present MHC-I and MHC-II molecules that have the potential to stimulate TCD4 + and TCD8 + cells, as well as stimulant molecules(8)(9). Evidence has shown that DEX or exosomes of other APCs, rather than direct stimulation of T cells, stimulate T cell responses by indirectly stimulating the antigenic peptide complexes to MHC (10)(11). Due to the effectiveness and high potential of DEXs, studies have also been developed in the Clinical trial phase (12)(13)(14). In a clinical trial of NSCLC patients with lung cancer, IFN-γ exosomes derived from DCs (DEX-IFN-γ) and without IFN-γ, their effect on increasing the efficiency of NK cells Confirmed(15).. In vivo studies are expected to be further studied to achieve the functional role of exosomes in cancer(16). Considering the impact of DEXs, which has been confirmed in studies, it is hoped to be widely used in the cancer treatment field as drug carriers and effective compounds for controlling and treating cancer.

Keywords:

Cancer , Dendritic Cell , Exosome , Immunotherapy