Bone bioprinting challenges and opportunities

There is a global clinical need for bone graft due to defects caused by the absence of a tumor, neoplasm and congenital diseases. The bone is a very complex structure that has mechanical and metabolic functions. Due to its multifunctional nature, it is often filled with the artery. Implants produced by three-dimensional bone printing have the potential to create a long-term autologous human solution without the risks of current regeneration methods, such as bone grafts, flaps, or implants. The ultimate goal of bioengineering is to build bone tissue in a way that is both functional and anatomical and can be used to restore damaged bones. The use of 3D bioprinter has progressed dramatically over the past 30 years. This technology has been developed in the field of training and surgical design, and the production of surgical supplies and types of implants of the desired shape. It has also been shown that bone bioprinting can affect the behavior of MSC (Mesenchymal stem cells) and directly in the form of preference for stoic differentiation. Hence, bone bioprinting produces a lot of potential for the production of structures with specific shapes by computer models that are made in a completely precise manner by the user. In addition, this approach has the potential for scalability and mass reproduction and increases clinical use. Despite many promising achievements in the field of 3D bone printing, this area of research is still in its infancy and there are a number of critical barriers to making appropriate clinical tissues due to the complex structure, metabolic needs, and the multi-purpose nature of bone. At the cellular level, none of the studies have succeeded in restoring the multi-cellular composition of bone, which is essential for the function, growth, and regeneration of native bone tissues. Although progress has been made in the development of vascularised peicled bone structures, further analysis is needed to measure the patterns of perfusion and the connections between these vessels and the wider circulation to ensure that they do not disrupt other networks or risk thromboembolization. Another major limitation of studies is that many still use non-human MSCs and are limited to in vitro culture systems. In order to accurately evaluate these structures as autologous bone tissue, a long-term study of animals is necessary to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of these bones in the reconstruction of critical defects

Keywords:

Tissue engineering , Bioprinting , Bone