Determination of blood lead and cadmium levels in children with chronic constipation referring to specialized clinics of Ahvaz

Publish Year: 1398
نوع سند: مقاله کنفرانسی
زبان: English
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TOXICOLOGY15_150

تاریخ نمایه سازی: 15 بهمن 1398

Abstract:

Introduction: Gastrointestinal disorders, including constipation, are one of the most common problems in children (1). Genetic predisposition, low social-economic status, inadequate daily intake of fiber, low fluid intake, inactivity, and environmental factors are the most important and effective parameters in the incidence of this disease (2). Heavy metals including lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) are as considered as one of the environmental pollutants (3). Therefore, this study was designed for the determination of Pb and Cd concentrations in the blood of children with chronic constipation. Methods: For this purpose, 36 children with chronic constipation (19 boys and 17 girls) and 12 children (7 boys and 5 girls) without constipation as control group between the age of 2 and 13 years were investigated. Refractory constipation was defined as poor response to appropriate treatment after 3 months of the treatment. Using the self-made questionnaire data of both groups including sex, age, weight, height, race, their parent education, parent’s occupation, history of tobacco use, family marriage, socioeconomic status were recorded. 2 ml of the whole blood from each of the volunteers were collected in a plastic tube containing EDTA anticoagulant. Blood lead level (BLL) and Blood cadmium level (BCL) were measured using the graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Varian AA240 FS). Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 22.Results: The mean BCL and BLL in the control group were higher than the case group, although just the BCL was significantly higher (Table 1). The mean BCL and BLL for both the groups were significantly higher than WHO recommended limit of Cd (< 0.12 μg/dl) and Pb (< 10 μg/dl) (p<0.001). BLL and BCL were not statistically different by any of the covariates including sex, age, race, their parent education, history of tobacco use, family marriage, and socioeconomic status. Discussion: This results may be because of high levels of Cd and Pb in both groups with and without chronic constipation. Ahvaz is a contaminated city, therefore, children be exposed to cadmium and lead through contaminated air, water, food, consumer products (4, 5). The results of this study suggest that in Iran especially in Ahvaz, definitive plans and regulations should be carried out to improve the prevention and control of childhood lead and cadmium poisoning. BLL and BCL screening and testing should be improved.

Authors

Nasrin Gharibshahi

M.Sc student, Department of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran

Masoud Mahdavinia

Ph. D, Department of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran

Hazhir Javaherizadeh

MD, Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Abuzar Children s Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran

Zahra Nazari Khorasgani

M.Sc, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahvaz University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran