Hassan Vafamehr - Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG۷ ۲RD, UK- Vehicle, Fuel and Environment Research Institute, School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran
Amin Mahmoudzadeh Andwari - Vehicle, Fuel and Environment Research Institute, School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran
Vahid Esfahanian - Vehicle, Fuel and Environment Research Institute, School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran

The work involved fundamental study of auto-ignition under unusually high knock intensities for an optical spark ignition engine. The single cylinder research engine adopted included full bore overhead optical access capable of withstanding continuous peak in-cylinder pressures of up to 150bar. Heavy knock was deliberately induced under relatively low loads using inlet air heating and a primary reference fuel blend of reduced octane rating. High speed chemiluminescence natural light imaging was used together with simultaneous heat release analysis to evaluate the combustion events. Multiple centred auto-ignition events were regularly observed to lead in to violent knocking events, with knock intensities above 140 bar observed. The ability to directly image the events associated with such high magnitude of knock is believed to be a world first in an optical engine. The multiple centred events were in good agreement with the developing detonation theory proposed elsewhere to be the key mechanism leading to heavy knock in modern downsized SI engines. The accompanying thermodynamic analysis indicated lack of relation between knock intensity and the remaining unburned mass fraction burned at the onset of the auto-ignition. Spatial analysis of the full series of images captured demonstrated random location of the initial auto-ignition sites, with new flame kernels forming at these sites and initially growing steadily and suppressing further growth of the main flame front prior to violent detonation at speeds well in excess of the imaging frequency of the camera.

Auto-ignition, Knock, Imaging, Optical