T.Z yeow - department of civil and natural resources eng university of canterbury christchurch new zeland
g.a mac rae - department of civil and natural resources eng university of canterbury christchurch new zeland
v.k sadashiva - department of civil and natural resources eng university of canterbury christchurch new zeland
k kawashima - deprtment of civil eng tokyo institute of technology tokyo japan

In congested metropolitan areas it is often difficult to build bridge columns directly and concentrically below the bridge due to space limitaions. Columns with a horizontal cantilever in one direction forming an inverted L are sometimes used due to the presence of eccentric loads with this setup some codes such as the japanese road association code require the flexural strength in the direction of eccentricity to be larger than that in the opposite direction by the size of the eccentric moment.

seismic response , cantilever bridge columns