Suggestion a Mathematical Model of Immunotherapy of Superficial Bladder Cancer with Optimal Control Approach

Immunotherapy is the use of medicines to help a person’s own immune system recognize and destroy cancer cells. Immunotherapy is sometimes used to treat bladder cancer. BCG is a type of bacteria related to the one that causes tuberculosis. While it doesn’t usually cause a person to get sick, it can help trigger an immune response. BCG can be put right into the bladder as a liquid. This activates immune system cells in the bladder, which then attack bladder cancer cells. With intravesical therapy, the doctor puts a liquid drug right into the bladder rather than giving it by mouth or injecting it into blood. The drug is put in through a soft catheter that's put into the bladder through the urethra. The drug stays in the bladder for up to 2 hours. In this way, the drug can affect the cells lining the inside of the bladder without having major effects on other parts of the body. Immunotherapy causes the body’s own immune system to attack the Tumor cells. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin or BCG is the most common intravesical immunotherapy for treating early-stage bladder cancer. It's used to help keep the cancer from growing and to help prevent it from coming back. BCG is a germ that is related to the one that causes tuberculosis (TB), but it doesn’t usually cause serious disease. BCG is put right into the bladder through a catheter. It reaches the cancer cells and "turns on" the immune system. The immune system cells are attracted to the bladder and attack the bladder cancer cells. BCG must come in contact with the cancer cells to work. This is why it's used for intravesical therapy.