Shaghayegh Badriahmadi - Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran
Mahnaz Mozdourian - Pulmonologist, Lung Diseases Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran.

The syndrome of combined emphysema of the upper lobes and fibrosis of the lower lobes on chest computed tomography results in a characteristic functional profile, with preserved lung volumes, hypoxemia at exercise. Despite subnormal spirometry, combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema is a severe entity. The presence of pulmonary arterial hypertension at diagnosis is a critical determinant of prognosis.

CPFE, Emphysema, Pulmonary Fibrosis