Ali Miri - Human Genetics Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences Tehran, Iran
Ebrahim Kiani - Human Genetics Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences Tehran, Iran
Sajad Habibi - Human Genetics Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences Tehran, Iran
Mostafa Khafaei - Human Genetics Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences Tehran, Iran

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a subtype of breast tumor which comprises ۲۴% of newly diagnosed tumors that lacks hormone receptor expression and HER۲ gene amplification. This study illustrated the pathological features of triple negative breast cancer with special reference to the landmark research that molecularly characterize this subtype of breast cancer. Additionally, this article discusses functional problems with arisen in clinical routine as a result of advent genetic expression breast cancer profiling and it's novel prognostic and predictive effects on triple-negative breast cancer pathology. Additionally, histopathological features of triple-negative neoplasms are discussed, emphasizing the critical nature of histologic detection in specific cancer subtypes with a significant effect on clinical results. Notably, emphasis is placed on the emerging clinical frontier represented by immunotherapy, with special emphasis on the implementation of immune checkpoint inhibitors in TNBC therapy and their effect on potential treatments.

Triple-negative breast cancer, PARP inhibitors, Basal-like breast cancer, HER۲, BRCA۱, BRCA۲