Cory Lebowitz - Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA
Joseph Massaglia - Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA
Christopher Hoffman - Department of Hand & Upper Extremity Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Ludovico Lucenti - Department of Hand & Upper Extremity Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Sachin Dheer - Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, Cherry Hill, NJ, USA
Michael Rivlin - Department of Hand & Upper Extremity Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Pedro Beredjiklian - Department of Hand & Upper Extremity Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Background: Computer assisted three-dimensional (۳D) printing of anatomic models using advanced imaging haswide applications within orthopaedics. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the ۳D printing accuracy of carpalbones.Methods: Seven cadaveric wrists underwent CT scanning, after which select carpal bones (scaphoid, capitate, lunate,and trapezium) were dissected in toto. Dimensions including length, circumference, and volume were measured directlyfrom the cadaver bones. The CT images were converted into ۳D printable stereolithography (STL) files. The STL fileswere converted into solid prints using a commercially available ۳D printer. The ۳D printed models’ dimensions weremeasured and compared to those of the cadaver bones. A paired t-test was performed to determine if a statisticallysignificant difference existed between the mean measurements of the cadavers and ۳D printed models. The intraclasscorrelation coefficients (ICC) between the two groups were calculated to measure the degree of agreement.Results: On average, the length and circumference of the ۳D printed models were within ۲.۳ mm and ۲.۲ mm,respectively, of the cadaveric bones. There was a larger discrepancy in the volume measured, which on average waswithin ۰.۶۵ cc (۱۵.۹%) of the cadaveric bones. These differences were not statistically significant (P > ۰.۰۵). Therewas strong agreement between all measurements except the capitate’s length and lunate’s volume.Conclusion: ۳D printing can add value to patient care and improve outcomes. This study demonstrates that ۳D printingcan both accurately and reproducibly fabricate boney models that closely resemble the corresponding cadaveric anatomy.Level of evidence: V

cadaver, Carpal bones, Computed Tomography (CT), Three-dimensional (۳D)