Diabetic retinopathy: mechanisms, and upcoming biomarkers

Obesity is an important issue that affects many people all over the world. This condition contributes to an increase in prevalence of type ۲ diabetes. Furthermore, an unexplained rise in the number of type ۱ diabetes has occurred. However, due to the recent developments in the field of diabetes care, it is still a significant cause of visual impairment in elderly. Diabetic retinopathy (D.R) is a critical issue for many people with diabetes. Various risk factors have been identified for diabetic retinopathy, including; blood pressure, weight, serum levels of lipid, and glycemic status. This pathology could be detected and treated by regular screening procedures, especially for late-stage of retinopathy. Angiogenesis inhibition is considered a modern therapy using intraocular steroids and intravitreal application of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatments. Unfortunately, a majority of patients with diabetic retinopathy are unable to benefit from accessible medications. Diabetic retinopathy is more severe which require modern treatments. Discovering the molecular markers can increase the speed of research on D.R. Thus, there is a significant increase in diabetes and the urgent need for accurate detection of following diabetic retinopathy. Pathology can help in the detection of retinopathy in developing treatments and preventative methods for diabetic vision loss. This article discussed many important biomarker discoveries in these pathologic conditions.

Keywords:

Diabetic retinopathy , Retinol-Binding Protein ۴ (RBP۴) , Hemopexin , Circulating RNA , miRNA