Elham Iziy - Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran,
Ahmad Majd - Department of Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran,
Mohammad Reza Vaezi-Kakhki - Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran

This report focuses on the application of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) carrying phycomolecule ligands as a novel plant growth promoter aimed at increasing the crop productivity of purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.). Experiments were performed under controlled greenhouse conditions using a completely randomized design with nine replications. Purslane seeds were treated with four concentrations of ZnO NPs (۰, ۱۰, ۱۰۰, and ۵۰۰ mg L−۱) and four concentrations of bulk ZnO (۰, ۱۰, ۱۰۰, and ۵۰۰ mg L−۱). The ultrastructural characteristics of the leaves of the plants treated with of ۵۰۰ mg L−۱ ZnO NPs were determined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results indicated that the treatment with ZnO NPs increased the content of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, carotenoids, and total phenolic and flavonoid compounds significantly more than the treatment with bulk ZnO. Our findings also showed that the application of high concentrations of ZnO NPs is the most effective strategy to considerably induce the antioxidant capacity and enzymes of purslane plants. Furthermore, the seed germination percentage and sprout growth rates were significantly higher in the plants treated with ۵۰۰ mg L−۱ of ZnO NPs (۱۰۰% ±۰.۰۰), compared to the control plants (۹۳.۳۳% ±۱.۶۶). The TEM images revealed the concentration of ZnO NPs and cell membrane rupture, as well as a deformation in the shape of chloroplasts and a decrease in their number in the plants treated with ۵۰۰ mg L−۱ ZnO NPs, compared to the control plants. Owing to their toxicity, high concentrations of ZnO NPs lead to oxidative stress in plants. Thus, our findings provide a new alternative strategy for increasing crop productivity, i.e., the application of ZnO NPs as a novel plant growth booster, in comparison with the bulk ZnO treatment.

photosynthetic pigments, peroxidase, catalase