Fatemeh Asgari - Immunology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran-Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Reza Falak - Immunology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran-Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Shahram Teimourian - Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Babak Pourakbari - Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Salimeh Ebrahimnezhad - Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Mehdi Shekarabi - Immunology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran-Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

Background: It was proposed that probiotics may influence immune system through direct or indirect exposure. Direct exposure is mostly mediated by surface receptors. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are conserved molecular sensors which could be triggered via some pathogen associated structures, hence, modulate the immune responses. This study was conducted to elucidate the impact of lactobacillus acidophilus as a common probiotic on the expression level of TLRs in the chicken’s cecal tonsil. Methods: Thirty one-day-old chicken were selected and separated into three groups as probiotic-fed, dairy-fed and control. In addition to commercial powder supply, each chicken in the probiotic-fed group received ۱۰۹ CFU/Kg of L. acidophilus daily. While, chickens in the dairy-fed group were provided with commercial powder feed and sterile dairy milk. After ۱۴ and ۲۱ days of oral feeding the cecal tonsil was removed and the expression of TLR۲, TLR۴ and TLR۵ were examined by real-time PCR. Results: At the age of ۱۴-day, there was a slight upregulation in the expression levels of TLR۲ (۱۱۸.۹%), TLR۴ (۱۲۹.۶%) and TLR۵ (۱۲۳.۷%) of the cecal tonsil in the probiotic-fed group; however, these alterations were not statistically significant. At the age of ۲۱-day, a non-significant downregulation was observed in TLR expression level of both dairy-fed (TLR۲, ۸۵%; TLR۴, ۷۹.۵%; and TLR۵, ۸۶.۵%) and probiotic-fed (TLR۲, ۸۸.۸%; TLR۴, ۸۱%; and TLR۵, ۸۷.۲%) groups in comparison to controls. Conclusions: The findings revealed that although the probiotic supplementation could be useful but it did not significantly affect innate immunity state through alteration of TLRs.

Cecal tonsil, Chicken, Probiotic, TLR