ali GHAHRAMANI - Professor, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran Visiting Professor, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand

Developments in geotechnique since the First International Conference on Seismology and Earthquake Engineering, Tehran, Iran, ۱۹۹۱ are summarised. Major earthquakes have made possible the validation and improvement of soil subjected to liquefaction by field performance of standard penetration test, cone penetration test, and shear wave velocity measuremenis. New results have been made available for site effects, earth pressure on retaining walls and seismic bearing capacity factors for clay and sandy soils.