zahra Hassannejad - Pediatric Urology and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Shayan Zadegan - Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Aida Shakouri-Motlagh - Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Melbourne, Victoria ۳۰۱۰, Australia
Mona Mokhatab - Brain and Mind Center, University of Sydney, ۹۴ Mallett St, Camperdown NSW ۲۰۵۰, Australia
Motahareh Rezvan - Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Mahdi Sharif-Alhoseini - Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Farhad Shokraneh - Cochrane Schizophrenia Group, Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
Pouria Moshayedi - Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, ۶۳۵ Charles Young Drive, CA ۹۰۰۹۵, USA
Vafa Rahimi-movaghar - Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Objective(s): To reach an evidence-based knowledge in the context of the temporal-spatial pattern of neuronal death and find appropriate time of intervention in order to preserve spared neurons and promote regeneration after traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI). Materials and Methods: The study design was based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA)-guided systematic review. PubMed and EMBASE were searched (۲۴ October, ۲۰۱۵) with no temporal or linguistic restrictions. Hand-search was performed in the bibliographies of relevant articles. Non-interventional animal studies evaluating time-dependent neuronal death following acute mechanical trauma to the spinal cord were included. We separately evaluated the fate of various populations of neurons including propriospinal neurons, ventral motor neurons, Clarke’s column neurons, and supraspinal neurons.Results: We found ۱۱,۵۵۷ non-duplicated studies. Screening through the titles and abstracts led to ۵۴۹ articles, ۴۹ of which met the inclusion criteria. Both necrotic and apoptotic neuronal deaths occur after TSCI, though necrosis is the prominent mechanism. There are differences in the responses of intrinsic neurons of the spinal cord to the TSCI. Also, the extent of neuronal death in the supraspinal neurons depends on the anatomical location of their axons. Conclusion: In order to develop new therapies, selection of the injury model and time of intervention has a crucial role in the efficacy of therapy. In addition, examining the safety and efficacy of an intervention by reliable methods not confounded by the injury-related changes would promote translation of therapies to the clinical application.

Apoptosis, Necrosis, Neuron, Pathophysiology, Spinal cord injury