Maryam Barati - Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Shahid Rajaee, Shiraz Branch, Technical and Vocational University, Shiraz, Iran.
Fateh Tavakoli - Bandar Abbas Oil Refining Company, Bandar Abbas, Iran

In this study, pot experiment was conducted to analyze the effect of TPHs contamination levels, organic fertilizers (poultry manure (PM) and biochar of poultry manure (PMB)) and remediation time on growth characteristics of Avena.sativa (AS) and Hurdum.vulgare (HV) in TPHs-contaminated soil during phytoremediation of TPHs contamination. The two studied plant species demonstrated promising remediation in highly contaminated soil efficiency; however, growth of surveyed plants was depressed with increasing the petroleum hydrocarbon contamination significantly. A high TPHs content had toxicity effect on plant growth and degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons. Results showed that a lowest TPHs level gave the best degradation in soil planted with HV plant. The degradation of TPHs increased by adding fertilizer. Utilization of PMB improved plants’ growth parameters and TPHs degradation in highly oil-contaminated soil higher than PM. After ۲۰ weeks the TPHs reduction percentage was observed in all treatments higher than ۱۰ weeks. The highest TPHs reduction percentage was observed after ۲۰ weeks in PMB treatments at lowest level of contamination by HV plants. The results showed that phytoremediation of TPHs can be enhanced with different factors such as type of plant, adding fertilizer, and period time of remediation.

Phytoremediation;Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons;Dry weight;biochar.