Mehrdad Malekshoar - Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care fellowship, Anesthesiology & Critical Care and Pain Management Research Center,Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
Elahe Hadadi - Student Research Committee, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
Majid Vatankhah - Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology, Anesthesiology & Critical Care and Pain Management Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran.

Background: Postoperative pain is an unpleasant experience causing physiological disorders in all body systems. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the most widely used medications to control postoperative pain. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the prophylactic effect of venous ketorolac in pain control after upper limb surgery in patients referred to Shahid Mohammadi Hospital in Bandar Abbas in ۲۰۲۰.  Methods: In this double-blind randomized clinical trial study, ۶۰ patients with anesthesia class I and II underwent upper limb orthopedic surgery. Patients were randomly divided into intravenous ketorolac and control groups. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, and heart rate before surgery, ۱, ۱۰, and ۲۰ minutes after surgery were recorded. The pain was measured before, ۶, ۱۲, and ۲۴ hours after surgery. Postoperative medication use was recorded in both groups. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software version ۲۱ and descriptive and inferential statistical tests. Results: Ketorolac and control groups were similar in terms of gender, age, BMI, and ASA. Repeated measures analysis showed that the intragroup trend of systolic and diastolic blood pressure was significant in ketorolac and control groups (P = ۰.۰۱۹). At recovery and ۶ and ۱۲ hours after surgery, the pain was significantly lower in patients in the ketorolac group than in the control group (P<۰.۰۵); Also, the intragroup pain trend was significant in ketorolac and control groups (P<۰.۰۵). Mean pain in the ketorolac group decreased more than control (P<۰.۰۰۱) Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that venous ketorolac is more effective in controlling pain intensity than the control group. It seems that in orthopedic surgeries, upper limb ketorolac has a good effect on controlling postoperative pain.

Ketorolac, Pain, Orthopedics, Upper Limb.