Kamal Malmal - ۱Department of Environmental Civil Engineering-Water and Wastewater Engineering, University of Khartoum, Sudan
Negin Shiri - Department of Environmental Civil Engineering-Water and Wastewater Engineering, Qatar University, Qatar

Due to its special geographical location, which is located between ۲۵ to ۴۰ degrees north latitude and ۴۴ to ۶۴ degrees east longitude, Iran is one of the world's arid regions because its average annual rainfall is less than one third of the average rainfall in the world (۸۶۰) is. This amount of rainfall is not evenly distributed throughout the country due to lack of rainfall, except for the northern and northwestern regions and to some extent in the west of the country, there are fewer permanent rivers. There are areas in the country that are not only facing a shortage of surface water, but also their groundwater is salty. Of course, this water shortage in our country is not related to the present era, but in the past, people have faced water shortages. The existence of dams and historical dams in the country is a proof of this claim. But since in the past the level of people's expectations was low due to low living conditions, they have used water and soil resources in a coordinated manner for centuries and obtained the required water in different ways, and the problem of its scarcity has not been raised and the main problem There have been methods of exploiting it. But in the present era, on the one hand, there is a shortage of usable water, on the other hand, population growth, water consumption, most importantly, rising living standards, machinery and technology growth, raises the issue of water need and scarcity.

Iran, Rainfall, Water, Industrialization, geographical area