Maryam Soltan Beyad - Associate Professor, Department of English Language and Literature, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
Mahshid Mirmasoomi - Department of English Language and Literature, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

The pursuit of freedom has constantly been debilitated due to external shackles embodying themselves mainly with the presence of an authority that anesthetizes individuals into voluntary submission. Erich Fromm (۱۹۰۰-۸۰) is the German psychologist who underscores the significance of individual freedom in his book Escape from Freedom (۱۹۴۱) and maintains that on the path towards freedom, individuals attempt at unshackling themselves from restrictive forces; however, as they release themselves from the restrictions of an authority and refuse to yield to its demands, individuals are left with feelings of insecurity and powerlessness. As a result, they try to compensate for the feeling of insecurity by either submitting themselves to another authority figure or becoming authority figures themselves. Within the paper, Fromm’s concept of freedom is elaborated upon and applied to Ken Kesey’s One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest (۱۹۶۲). The paper discusses the two major concepts of “freedom from” and “freedom to” known as “negative freedom” and “positive freedom” and demonstrates the possibility of finding a getaway from a negative sense of freedom by investing mankind with the power of love and communication. Real freedom is not a release from external constraints but mainly a release from internal forces.

authority, Erich Fromm, Freedom from, Freedom to, Submission