- - - NIBIO, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research Pb ۱۱۵, NO-۱۴۳۱ Ås, Norway
- - - NIBIO, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research Pb ۱۱۵, NO-۱۴۳۱ Ås, Norway
- - - Department of Chemical and Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Lagos State University, Lagos ۱۰۰۲۶۸, Nigeria
- - - Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, SE ۵۰۱۹۰ Borås, Sweden

Purpose Anaerobic digestion produces renewable energy, biogas, from organic residues, but also digestate, a valuable organic fertiliser. Previous studies have indicated that digestate contains ample plant available nitrogen (N), but there are also concerns about greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions after application of digestates to soil. The aim of this study was to compare digestate and undigested feedstock for fertiliser effect as well as greenhouse gas emissions during the next season. Methods Digestate and its feedstock, manure, were compared as N fertilisers for wheat. Mixing digestate with biochar before application was also tested. After harvest, soil samples were frozen and dried. Then GHG emissions immediately after a re-wetting of dry soil and after thawing of frozen soil were measured to determine emissions after a non-growing season (dry or cold). Results All N in digestate was plant available, while there was no significant N fertiliser effect of the undigested manure. N۲O emissions were higher after a dry season than after freezing, but the undigested manure showed higher emissions during thawing than those detected during thawing of soils from any of the other treatments. Conclusion Anaerobic digestion makes N available to plants, and when residues with much N that is not plant available the first season are used, the risk of N۲O emission next spring is high.

Digestate, Nitrogen Fertiliser value, Biochar, Nitrous oxide, Thawing, Re-wetting