Foad Fouladi - Anesthesiologist of Mehran Imam Hossein Hospital, Mehran, Iran.
Fakhteh Aliakbari - Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
Marzieh Khataee - General Practitioner Of The Emergency Department Of Imam Hossein Hospital,Mehran,Iran
Hooman Esfahani - Department of Emegency Medicine, School of Medical, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord Iran.

The first reported non-medical use of ketamine appears to date from the ۱۹۶۰s. However, recreational  use of this medication as a drug was not common until the ۱۹۹۰s; But in recent years, the recreational use of ketamine has increased in many parts of the world and has created many problems. Visual hallucinations, severe personality duality and the feeling of leaving the body following the use of ketamine are the most attractive aspects of drug abuse. Although many studies have been done on the mechanism and effects of ketamine anesthesia, research on the side effects of ketamine on the body is very limited and intoxication is less marked. Therefore, in the present study, we tried to review Ketamin intoxication based on its pathophysiology and management methods. Based on our review, ketamin might be available in various routes of administration as well as  intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, sublingual, intranasal, and oral. Symptoms of hallucinations, nightmares, increased bronchial and salivary secretions, and palpitation may happen following the toxicity. Clinical signs of intoxication are increased blood pressure, CSF pressure, and IOP, altered level of consciousness and tachycardia. Treatment strategies mainly include application of  benzodiazepines; while lacking clinical evidence in lethal doses.

Ketamin, Intoxication, Toxicity, Recreational Use, Drug Abuse