Fatemeh Hosseini - Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Aliabad Katoul Branch, Islamic Azad University, Aliabad Katoul, Iran
Aboozar Jorbonian - Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
Saeed Ghorbani - Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Aliabad Katoul Branch, Islamic Azad University, Aliabad Katoul, Iran
Reza Rezaeeshirazi - Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Aliabad Katoul Branch, Islamic Azad University, Aliabad Katoul, Iran

Introduction: Aging is associated with biological changes and may lead to various cognitive behavioural disorders such as insomnia and depression. Non-pharmacological interventions with pharmacological therapies would be effective, economical, and safe. The present study compared the effect of muscle strength-range of movement (MSROM) training and digital game on insomnia and depression disorders in older women and men. Methods: This was a quasi-experimental pre/post- intervention. After recruitment invitations and screening, ۹۲ participants were randomly assigned into three groups including physical training (PT; n = ۳۱), mental training (MT; n = ۳۰) and control group (CG; n = ۳۱). Insomnia and depression were measured by insomnia severity index and geriatric depression scale (short form), respectively. The training programs were held ۳ days per week for ۸ weeks. Physical training began with ۲۵ minutes in the first week and finished with ۶۰ minutes in the eighth week using Borg rating of perceived exertion within the desired ۱۳ to ۱۵ range. A mental game has been launched on Android operating systems on cell phones/tablets which consisted of ۴ games with ۳ levels. Differences in variables were assessed via Factorial ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test (p ≤ ۰.۰۵). Results: The Bonferroni post-hoc test revealed significant decreases in PT compared with CG in men (p = ۰.۰۱۰) and women (p = ۰.۰۳۸) regarding insomnia. Furthermore, there were significant decreases in PT compared with CG (p = ۰.۰۰۵) and PT compared with MT (p = ۰.۰۰۳) in men regarding depression; Significant decreases were also observed through comparing PT with CG (p = ۰.۰۴۳) in women regarding depression. Conclusion: Findings demonstrated that MSROM training improved moderate insomnia and mild depression compared to smart thinker training in older women and men regardless of gender.

MSROM, Smart Thinker, Insomnia, Depression, Aging