Ali Heshmati - Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Medicine, Nutrition Health Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
Freshteh Mehri - Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Medicine, Nutrition Health Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
Amir Nili-Ahmadabadi - Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Plants and Natural Products Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
Amin Mousavi Khaneghah - Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering,University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato, ۸۰.Caixa Postal: ۶۱۲۱, Campinas, São Paulo CEP: ۱۳۰۸۳-۸۶۲, Brazil

Mycotoxins are known to be one of the most important food contaminants that pose potential health risks to humans. This study aimed to investigate the changes in total aflatoxin (TAF) content during grape vinegar production. Different types of aflatoxins including aflatoxin B۱ (AFB۱), B۲ (AFB۲), G۱ (AFG۱), and G۲ (AFG۲) were spiked into washed grape samples in the level of ۵ μg/kg. Then grape samples were converted to vinegar. After different stages of vinegar processing including juicing, alcoholic fermentation, acetic acid fermentation, and pasteurization, sampling was performed and the level of each aflatoxin was measured using high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detector (HPLC-FD). Among different processing steps, the pasteurization operation had the least effect on the removal of aflatoxin. After juicing, the amount of AFB۱, AFB۲, AFG۱ and AFG۲ decreased by ۱۴%, ۱۱.۱۸%, ۱۳.۷۷%, and ۱۸.۵۶%, respectively. Alcoholic fermentation had the greatest effect on the removal of aflatoxin so that it could reduce the levels of AFB۱, AFB۲, AFG۱ and AFG۲ by ۴۱.۸۷%, ۴۵.۳۴%, ۴۵.۳۷%, and ۴۶.۵۲%, respectively. Overall, during processing and conversion of grapes to vinegar, the values of AFB۱, AFB۲, AFG۱ and AFG۲ were reduced by ۷۶.۲۰%, ۷۱.۰۶%, ۶۹.۲۶%, and ۷۵.۸۵%, respectively. Processing grapes to vinegar can have a significant effect on the aflatoxin reduction.

Mycotoxin, Aflatoxin, Vinegar, Processing, Grape