Zahra Maleki Roudposhti
Rahim Ramezaninejad

According to Herzberg s theory, maintenance or occupational health factors are the same conditions and conditions that affect job performance, although these conditions may not be motivating, but in dynamic sports jobs, especially job performance of athletes are is too important.The purpose of this study is to investigate the working conditions of professional athletes in ۴ sports.In this review article, the results of four studies on ۵۵۶ professional athletes from the four disciplines of handball, basketball, rugby and ice hockey in ۱۳ European countries from ۲۰۰۸-۲۰۱۲ have been reviewed and analyzed through structured interviews.A review of the findings of this study shows that the conditions associated with ۱. Safety and health (high risk of injury) ۲. Lack of transparency in contracts ۳. Delays in payment of wages ۴. Post-championship issues and withdrawal ۵. Support Little education and information (especially general life information for young people) ۶. Insurance rules ۷. Low quality of arbitration ۸. High prevalence of harassment and discrimination ۹. Doping ۱۰. Inadequacy of working hours and training with rest ۱۱. Changes in work schedule ۱۲. Low awareness of sports and club regulations; And ۱۳. Work-life imbalances make athletes work situations very complex, dynamic, and difficult.Among the various conditions, only the refereeing factors in the situation of sports competitions are considered very important, and other influential conditions are related to the different situations of the club and professional life. In addition, comparing these conditions in different sports shows that the amount of attention and focus to reduce the negative impact of each of these factors can be different and variable.

Professional athletes؛ Job conditions؛ Sports clubs؛ Work-life imbalances