Background and Objective: Modern industrial developments, rapid population growth, and increased agricultural production have led to the pollution of fresh water systems. If the
wastewater is discharged without treatment, it will pose a critical threat to the environment. Some indicative methods for
wastewater treatment are biological treatments, oxidation, adsorption, flocculation, membranes, filtration, etc. These technologies only focus on the primary
wastewater treatment, but the latest nanotechnology is strongly potent in advancing
wastewater treatment via nanomaterials. Nano cellulose is a very promising material for highperformance membranes and filters, in order to selectively remove pollutants from industrial and drinking waters.Materials and Methods: Mesh keywords were searched in databases including PubMed, Scopus and Sciencedirect. We found and analyzed ۴۸ papers which met our criteria the best.Results: We used ۲۰ eligible and high quality articles directly to write this review. For
wastewater treatment, filters and membranes are used that allow some chemical species to pass while stop others. This trait is due to their microstructure and chemistry of the membrane material. For example, the pores on these membranes are used for size exclusion and the chemistry of the surface is used to selectively adsorb some solutes.
Cellulose nanocrystals(CNC), cellulose nano fibrils (CNF) and bacterial cellulose(BC) are the most efficient cellulose-based nanomaterials for
wastewater treatment. CNC and CNF preparation processes involve acid hydrolysis using sulfuric or hydrochloric acid. When using sulfuric acid, it reacts with the hydroxyl groups of cellulose surface to form sulfate halfesters which cause negatively charged and electrostatically stabilized nanoparticles. In the case of using hydrochloric acid, the nanoparticles have a very low surface charge density which are very likely to flocculation. Bacterial cellulose is a biosynthesized Nano cellulose which has a high degree of crystallinity.Conclusion: In conclusion,
wastewater treatment is a vital environmental issue and nanomaterial based solutions are the most effective ones, and they reduce the cost. In this review, we analyzed the cellulose-based nanomaterial.