Amir Saied Seddighi
Afsoun Seddighi
Mahsa Ghadirian
Alireza Zali
Davood Ommi
Seyed Mahmoud Tabatabaei Far

Background and Aim: Numerous efforts over the past century have been performed. Various innovation techniques are increasingly gaining attention and gradually established the foundation of recent significant developments in the world of neurosurgery, among which varied stereotactic neuro-navigation designs and other novel emerging systems are being quotidian developed. This narrative review aims to describe basic concepts in frameless stereotaxy and summarize the primary principles of neuronavigation and clarify basic characteristics such as the accuracy of this technique (frameless navigation) and emphasize the importance of designing phantom.  Methods and Materials: The application of brain images to steer the surgeon to a target within the brain by utilizing the stereotactic principle of co-registration of the patient with an imaging study which permits brain surgery to be fulfilled with becoming greater safety and smaller incisions by providing precise surgical guidance of the location of intracranial pathology is highly noticeable. General uses of frameless stereotaxy are explained, and common benefits have been highlighted. Estimating the accuracy of these systems and discovering sources of error is genuinely inevitable. Results:  Giving insight into recent findings on principles of frameless stereotactic surgery and novel developments for image-guidance systems Conclusion: There is a lot of argument about unprecedented development for image guidance. As a concluding remark several determinants, including updated imaging/registration, ease of use, robotic instruments, automated registration increasing accuracy, and potential of the application to be extended to other disciplines, all have been under development for image guidance.

Stereotactic surgery, Frame-based stereotaxy, Frameless image-guided, and phantom test