Madiha Kanwal - Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan, ۴۴۰۰۰
Sadia Sarwar - Department of Pharmacognosy, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan, ۴۴۰۰۰
Humaira Nadeem - Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan, ۴۴۰۰۰
Athar Ata - Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Canada
Fawad Shah - Department of Pharmacology, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan, ۴۴۰۰۰
Sumra Malik - Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan, ۴۴۰۰۰
Saima Maqsood - Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan, ۴۴۰۰۰
Ghulam Miana - Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan, ۴۴۰۰۰

Objective(s): The study was aimed at synthesis of the new derivatives of the pyrazolone nucleus, and their spectroscopic and pharmacological analysis and evaluation. Materials and Methods: Three series of compounds, with ۲-picolinic acid (I a-d), ۳-picolinic acid (II a-d), and ۴-picolinic acid (III a-d) were synthesized and characterized by FT-IR, ۱HNMR, ۱۳C NMR, elemental, and melting points. The new compounds were then evaluated for their anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-epileptic potential. The hind paw edema model was used to screen anti-inflammatory potential, while the anticonvulsant effect was evaluated by employing the acute model of anti-epileptic activity. The in vivo anti-oxidant potential was determined through glutathione (GSH), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), catalase, and lipid peroxidase enzyme (LPO) assays. The expression of key biomarkers involved in inflammation and neuroprotection, including tumor necrotic factors alpha (TNF-α) and phosphorylated nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), was detected through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot analysis. Results: The tested compounds showed anti-oxidant potential. The selected compounds exhibited good anti-inflammatory potential. The PTZ-induced elevation of these inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress were ameliorated significantly by the selected compound Ic. Results of molecular analysis (ELISA and Western blot analysis) for potent compound Ic showed a prominent inhibitory effect against neuroinflammatory mediators, including TNF-α and NF-κB. Conclusion: It is concluded that the derivative Ic ameliorated PTZ-induced seizures, oxidative stress, and inflammatory cascades by regulating the NF-κB/ TNF-α/ROS pathway.

Anticonvulsant, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-oxidant, Enzyme-linked - immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Pyrazolone, Western blot