شهلا اتابکی - Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.
شهرام پورسیدی - Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.
سارا السادات راه پیما - Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.
ایرج توسلیان - Department of Nature Engineering, Shirvan Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bojnord, Bojnord, Iran.

Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe۳O۴-NPs) offer numerous applications in agriculture, pharmaceutical, and food industries. In this study, Fe۳O۴-NPs were effectively phytosynthesized by environmentally friendly hairy root extracts. The A۴ strain of Agrobacterium rhizogenesis was used to induce the hairy roots of Nepeta bornmuelleri. Leaves in N. bornmuelleri contain important ingredients such as ۱, ۸ cineol that is one of the most well-known secondary metabolites. The phytosynthesis of Fe۳O۴-NPs was verified and described by Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The NPs were clustered with a size of less than ۲۰ nm in FESEM analysis and ۲۰-۱۰۰ nm in TEM and HRTEM analysis. XRD pattern showed a peak of Fe۳O۴-NPs at ۳۵.۲۸° (۲۲۰ nm). In the FTIR experiment, amines, alkanes, carbonyls, fluorides, and alcohols were detected as organic molecules involved in the synthesis of NPs. The average size of NPs in their liquid medium was about ۵۳.۳۹ nm, according to DLS analysis. According to TGA analysis, NPs maintained ۸۲% of their weight at a temperature above ۷۰۰ °C. According to the results of TGA study, Nepeta’s fast-growing hairy roots generated highly pure NPs. TGA analysis revealed that the weight loss of synthesized NPs in hairy roots was smaller than those identical samples produced in the extracts obtained from aerial parts of the plants. The ۱, ۸ cineol in the hairy root extracts measured by gas chromatography was found to be around ۰.۰۰۱%.

Fe۳O۴ nanoparticles, Hairy root extract, Nano-Phyto-synthesis, Nepeta bornmuelleri