Gehad Nabil Abd El-Aal - Department of Pediatric, Faculty of Medicine (For Girls), Al‑Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
Shimaa Moustafa Kamel - Department of Pediatric, Faculty of Medicine (For Girls), Al‑Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
Mona Sayed Mohammad Attaya - Department of Pediatric, Faculty of Medicine (For Girls), Al‑Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
Dalia Mahmoud Eldewi - Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine (For Girls), Al‑Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
Fatma Elzahraa AE. Diab - Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine (For Girls), Al‑Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
Marwa Mohsen Ramadan Hassan - Department of Community of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (For Girls), Al‑Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
Suzan Mohamed Abdel Kareem Mohamed - Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Pain Management, Faculty of Medicine (For Girls), Al‑Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt

Background: The leading cause of death for children under the age of five years old worldwide is pneumonia. The assessment of illness progression and clinical stage is necessary for the management of healthcare resources and the provision of efficient treatment options. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MMIF) is an inflammatory cytokine that, when produced, causes macrophages to release additional cytokines, including as interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin IL--۱, IL-۶, IL-۸, and IL-۱۲, resulting in a significant inflammatory response. Monocyte chemotactic protein-۱ (MCP-۱) is a crucial chemokine involved in a number of clinical situations, such as endothelial dysfunction, cancer, respiratory infections, and cardiovascular illnesses.Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the levels of MMIF and MCP-۱ in patients with pneumonia and compare them to those in healthy controls to determine whether there may be a relationship between the severity of the disease and its results.Results: MMIF and MCP-۱ levels were substantially greater in pneumonia patients than in controls, and they were also significantly higher in patients who did not survive as opposed to those who did. The Pediatric Critical Illness Score (PCIS) and the Pediatric Risk of Mortality (PRISM) scores were significantly positively correlated with both indicators. A significant positive connection between MMIF and MCP-۱ was observed.Conclusion: The severity of pneumonia and prognosis for patients are directly correlated with MMIF and MCP-۱.

Pediatric Critical Illness Score (PCIS) Monocyte Chemo Attractant Protein, ۱ (MMIF) Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MCP, ۱) Pediatric Risk of Mortality (PRISM)