Kenneth Bitrus David - Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Nigeria
Cynthia Chioma Ozuluoha - Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria

Humanpopulations throughout historyhavebeen affected by major disease outbreaks such as endemics, epidemics, pandemics etc. However, unlike the others, pandemics have their own distinct natural history which is generally of global and public health importance. An in-depth analysis of past pandemics has the potential of strengthening emergency preparedness and tactical responses that are essential in preventing the incidences of future disease outbreaks. This review aims to identify lapses in preparedness and highlight the lessons learnt from past pandemics such as smallpox, tuberculosis, Black Death, influenza pandemic (Spanish flu), H۲N۲ virus, H۳N۲ pandemic, H۱N۱ pandemic, HIV/AIDS and the present COVID-۱۹ pandemic.

Pandemic, Swine Flu, Disease Outbreaks, Black Death, Spanish Flu, Hong Kong Flu, COVID-۱۹, SmallPox, Tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS