Hasan Mosazadeh - Department of Psychology, Kazimierz Wielki University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
Farshad Faezi Razi - Department of Industrial Management, Semnan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Semnan, Iran
Masoud Lajevardi - Department of Business Management, Semnan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Semnan, Iran-
Hosssein Mousazadeh - Department of Regional Science, Eötvös Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary

The present study had a twofold objective, including the reconceptualization of medical tourists’ perceived risk in the COVID-۱۹ pandemic and developing strategies to reduce medical tourists’ perceived risk during the pandemic. These two steps were referred to as a strategic-based approach. The first step defines medical tourists’ perceived risk as the subjective/cognitive (mind-driven) expectations and objective/actual (real-image driven) evaluation of the negative consequences/losses before/after making travel decisions to an unsafe COVID-۱۹ destination. Following that, the associated dimensions were identified, such as psychological, financial, health, legal, performance, facility, and time risks. Finally, two main strategies (country-based and hospital-/clinic-based) were developed to create a safe COVID-۱۹ destination. This study could make significant theoretical and practical contributions to strategic medical tourism management.

Safe COVID-۱۹ Destination, Perceived Risk, Restarting Tourism, Hospital-/Clinic-based Strategy