Rizgar Abdlaziz - Department of Management Technique, Technical College of Administration (TCA)-Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Kurdistan Region of Iraq, Iraq
N.A.M. Naseem - School of Business and Economics, Universiti Putra Malaysia, ۴۳۴۰۰ UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
Ly Slesman - Center for Advanced Research (CARe), Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong BE۱۴۱۰, Brunei Darussalam, Brunei
Younis Ahmed - Department of Economics, College of Administration and Economics, University of Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region of Iraq, Iraq

This paper examines the symmetric and asymmetric effects of oil prices on military expenditure of selected the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) oil-exporting countries. Using Linear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) and Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NARDL) frameworks on annual data covers from ۱۹۶۰ to ۲۰۱۴, this paper documents that oil prices and the military expenditure shares a stable long-run relationship in all cases except Algeria. The ARDL empirical findings reveal that oil price has a positive and significant effect on military spending in all cases except Tunisia. The NARDL results further reveal the existence of asymmetric pieces of evidence that the increase in oil prices increases military spending while the decrease in oil prices reduces the military spending in the long-run for Saudi Arabia, Iran, Algeria, Kuwait, and Oman. In the short run, the results demonstrate the existence of asymmetry effect of oil price on military spending only for Iran.

Oil Price Shocks, Military Spending, NARDL