Parisa Zamani - Student Research Committee, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran.
Zeinab Hemati - Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
Roya Kelishadi - Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
Sakineh Kolahdozan - Clinical Research Development Unit, Bahar Hospital, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran.
Mostafa Dianatinasab - Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Malaysia. Department of Complex Genetics and Epidemiology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherl
Mojtaba Keikha - Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.

Background: There are ۲ measures of anogenital distance (AGD) in men and women. AGD has been used as an indicator of fetal androgen dysfunction and an adverse outcome in adulthood. Some studies have shown the association of AGD as a predictor in the diagnosis and prognosis of diseases and disorders. Objective: To systematically summarize the latest evidence for presenting AGD as a new approach for prognosis and early diagnosis of diseases. Materials and Methods: A systematic review of the available literature was performed using Medline via PubMed, Scopus, and ISI Web of Knowledge up to July ۲۰۲۱, using search terms "anogenital distance" OR "anogenital index" OR "ano genital distance" OR "ano genital index". Language restrictions were not imposed. Results: After reviewing the retrieved articles, ۴۷ unique studies were included in this systematic review. Different outcomes, including endometriosis, prostate cancer, polycystic ovary syndrome, pelvic organ prolapse, hypospadias, cryptorchidism, fertility and semen parameters, maternal and birth development, and ovarian and gynecological-related disorders, have been studied in the included evidence. A negative association was observed between AGD and endometriosis and hypospadias and a positive association between AGD and prostate cancer, polycystic ovary syndrome, male fetal gender, and fertility parameters. Conclusion: Using quantitative indicators such as AGD may be a useful clinical tool for the diagnosis of diseases. Although many studies have shown an association between AGD and diseases, some factors, including different measurement methods, different measurement tools, age, and different definitions of AGD, can be involved in the variation of AGD. Corresponding Author: Mojtaba Keikha View Orcid in Profile You can search for this author in PubMed     Google Scholar Profile

Genitalia, Prognosis, Early diagnosis, Reproductive health., دستگاه تناسلی, پیش بینی, تشخیص زودهنگام, بهداشت باروری.