Amir Hossein Kheirkhah - Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Science, School of Medicine, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.
Mohammad Javad Forouzani-Moghaddam - Master of Food Microbiology, School of Paramedical, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Mohammad Afkhami-Ardekani - Professor of Endocrinology, Diabetes Research Center, Shahid Sadougdi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.

Objective: Diabetes is a chronic medical condition that can be caused by either inherited or acquired insufficiency insulin secretion, or the body's inability to effectively utilize the insulin it produces. There are three primary classifications of diabetes: type ۱, type ۲, and gestational diabetes. Type ۲ diabetes mellitus (T۲DM) is characterized by elevated levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG) and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA۱c), indicating a disturbance in glucose metabolism. The term "probiotics" refers to living microorganisms that provide beneficial effects on the host's health. The effects of probiotics on T۲DM in humans have shown conflicting results. Some studies have demonstrated that probiotic treatment substantially reduces HbA۱c, FBG, or insulin resistance (IR) in patients with T۲DM. However, other studies have found no significant difference between probiotic-treated patients and those receiving a placebo.. The use of probiotics was found to enhance glucose metabolism and HbA۱c levels in individuals with T۲DM. These findings are in line with previous reviews conducted on this topic.

Diabetes, Probiotics, Insulin