Babak Abdolkarimi - Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khoramabad, Iran
Soheila Zareifar - Hematology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Mehran Karimi - Hematology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Pouria Salajegheh - Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Background: Anthracycline therapy for acute leukemia may be associated with significant morbidity and mortality in children or elderly patients that have a degree of heart failure. Patients with prior anthracycline exposure, those with pre-existing heart disease, or who have received the total anthracycline dose present an increased risk for cardiotoxicity. Therefore, new chemotherapy regimens in these situations would be life saving for leukemia patients. We have conducted a systematic review of possible strategies for rescue regimens without anthracycline in refractory acute leukemia patients.Methods: We gathered the data from ۵ creation databases and relevant website until August ۲۰۱۶. We selected randomized clinical trials or other studies that used anthracycline-free chemotherapy regimens to treat acute refractory leukemia in children and adults. The quality of the studies was evaluated according to the Cochrane risk of the polarization tool. All stages of the review were independently conducted by two authors. We obtained data from ۷۵ main clinical trials.Results: There were ۷۵ trials included from which ۴ were considered to be at low risk for bias. Most trials showed that the improvement did not reach statistical significance.Conclusion: Evidence existed to support the use of the combination of fludarabine, cytarabine, and filgrastim, ICE-rituximab chemotherapy regimens, or monoclonal antibodies such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors (Sorafenib) useful for acute refractory/relapsed leukemia.These drugs are used as first salvage regimens or clofarabine and cladribine for acute myeloid leukemia in patients for whom combined anthracycline chemotherapy is inappropriate.