W. Mohammad - Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture (NIFA), Soil Science Division, Peshawar, Pakistan.
S. A. Shah - Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture (NIFA), Soil Science Division, Peshawar, Pakistan.
S. Shahzadi - Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture (NIFA), Soil Science Division, Peshawar, Pakistan.
Kh. Haroon - Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Crop Production, Agricultural University Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan.

Crop productivity, water use efficiency (WUE), and microbial biomass C and N in rainfed dry area are influenced by tillage, rotation, and crop residue management. Field experiments were conducted during ۲۰۰۵-۰۸ to study the effect of tillage, crop rotation, and crop residue retention on oat fodder yield, water use efficiency, and microbial biomass C (MBC) and N (MBN) under semi-arid conditions in north-west Pakistan. The objective of the study was to identify suitable cultural practices and fodder cropping system with improved water use efficiency for a dry area. The treatments consisted of three rotations: i) oat–fallow–oat (O-F-O)-farmers’ practice, ii) oat– summer legume–oat (O-SL-O), and iii) oat–summer cereal–oat (O-SC-O). For each rotation, there were two tillage and two crop residue management treatments: i) Tillage (crop residues removed) and Tillage (crop residues retained), and ii) No-tillage (crop residues removed) and No-tillage (crop residues retained). Basal doses of N۶۰+P۶۰ (kg ha-۱) to oat, N۹۰+P۶۰ to summer cereals and N۲۰+P۶۰ (kg ha-۱) to legumes were applied. Changes in soil water storage were monitored with neutron moisture probe for calculation of WUE. The results indicated that an average maximum dry matter yield (۷.۷۸ t ha-۱) and WUE (۲۶.۴۷ kg ha-۱mm-۱) was obtained under no-tillage+crop residues treatment. The tillage practices showed no-significant effect on oat dry matter yield and WUE. The oat yield and WUE was higher in O-F-O rotation compared to O-SL-O and O-SC-O. The surface soil (۰-۱۵ cm) analysis showed that MBC and MBN was consistently greater in the no-tillage+crop residues treatment. These results indicated that no-tillage+crop residue treatment was relatively more beneficial under the rainfed (dry) conditions.

Crop rotation, Crop residues, Tillage, NP fertilizers