Amir Taherkhani - Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
Zohre Farhadi - Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine, School of Dentistry, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
Shahab Shahmoradi Deho - Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
Shokoofeh Jamshidi - Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Dental Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran

Oral cancer is the most malignancy in the head and neck region (۱), and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) accounts for the most significant proportion of cancers in the oral cavity (۲). OSCC is the sixth most common carcinoma worldwide, affecting ۳۵۰ ۰۰۰ patients across the globe each year, leading to approximately ۵۰% of individual deaths. The most risk factors of OSCC are smoking tobacco, consuming alcoholic drinks, and human papillomavirus infections (۳,۴). Currently, tumor excision, radiotherapy, chemoradiation therapy, and immunotherapy using cetuximab/PD-۱ are gold standard approaches for OSCC treatment (۵).