Amir Mohammad Milani Fard - Graduate of nursing, School of nursing and medical emergency, Alborz University of Medical ‎Sciences, Researcher of Baqiyatallah Hospital Research Center,‎ Tehran, Iran.
Maryam Milani Fard - Researcher at the Anesthesia and Pain &Molecular and cell Biology Research cente, Faculty of Medicine Department of Anatomy, Iran university of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

This study investigated the effect of office stones in kidney patients and how they are formed and treated. The urinary tract includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys are located outside the peritoneal cavity on either side of the spine from the twelfth thoracic vertebra to the third lumbar vertebra. Types of stones are divided into two categories of calcium and non-calcium stones. Calcium stones are more common in men and the main causes of calcium stones include hypercalciuria due to hereditary formation, hyperuricosuria due to diet, hyperparathyroidism due to neoplasia, intestinal hyperoxaluria due to intestinal surgery and In the hereditary type, due to heredity and hypocitration, it can be caused by diet or heredity. Struvite stones are caused by a urinary tract infection caused by mold bacteria (Proteus). These stones are more common in women. Patients are treated with thiazide diuretics. Absorption hypercalciuria nephrolithiasis is treated only by surgical removal of the invasive parathyroid adenoma. Renal hypercalciuria is effectively treated with hydrochlorothiazides. Hyperuricosuric calcium calcification is a treatment with a diet low in purine, allopurinol and potassium citrate, and treatment of hyperoxaluria calcium calcification is with calcitramine, and treatment of hypocitration with potassium salts, including potassium citrate, is successful.

Office stones, Kidney, Calcium, Diet, Intestine