H. Babaei - Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
N. Razmaraii - Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Gh. Assadnassab - Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
A. Mohajjel Nayebi - School of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Y. Azarmi - School of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
D. Mohammadnejad - Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
A. Azami - Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

Doxorubicin (DOX) is one of the secondary metabolites of Streptomyces peucetius var. caesius. It is a common and effective chemotherapeutic agent used for the treatment of different diseases, including lymphoma, leukemia, breast cancer, and solid tumors. However, this medicine causes cardiotoxic side effects, which limit its clinical application. The present study examined the cardiomyopathy induced by DOX via echocardiography and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The main objective was to evaluate the capacity of echocardiography and TEM as diagnostic tools for DOX-induced cardiotoxicity. Moreover, the correlation between intracellular and functional changes due to cardiotoxicity was assessed in a rat model. Cardiomyopathy was induced in rats by two cumulative doses of DOX. Group I received DOX ۱۲ [i.e., ۱۲ mg/kg, intraperitoneal (IP)] and group II received DOX ۱۵ (i.e., ۱۵ mg/kg, IP) in six equal doses over two weeks. Group III as the control (Ctrl) group received normal saline as a vehicle. Mortality during the study was only observed in the DOX ۱۵ group. The echocardiographic assessments revealed significant changes in ejection fraction, fractional shortening, and heart rate in the groups which received DOX. In addition, severe cardiac arrhythmia was evident in DOX-treated groups. Remarkable adverse effects, such as moderately degenerated cells and inflated mitochondria were observed in the TEM analysis of rat hearts in the DOX groups. The present study indicated that rat models are suitable for investigating DOX-induced cardiomyopathy, especially at the dose of ۱۲ mg/kg. Furthermore, echocardiography and TEM examinations were found to be valuable methods for the determination of cardiotoxicity in rats due to DOX.

Cardiomyopathy, Doxorubicin, Echocardiography, Electron microscopy, Rat Heart