M. Abd Shahoodh - Ministry of Education, Anbar Education Directorate, Anbar, Iraq
F.T. Ibrahim - Physics Department, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
S. Guermazi - Laboratory of Materials for Energy and Environment, and Modeling (LMEEM), Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, University of Sfax, B.P: ۱۱۷۱, ۳۰۳۸, Tunisia

The spray pyrolysis technique is a versatile and cost-effective method for producing TiO۲-NiO@In۲O۳ NCTFs on glass substrates with varying molar ratios. NCTFs have been studied for gas-sensing applications due to their excellent sensing properties. The films' structural, morphological, and gas-sensing characteristics were analyzed. The XRD analysis indicates that the NCTFs are polycrystalline, meaning that they are made up of many small crystals. The crystals are oriented in a random fashion, which is why the XRD pattern is broad. The anatase phase of TiO۲ is a tetragonal crystal structure. The NiO and In۲O۳ phases are both cubic crystal structures. The presence of nanostructure cubic phases indicates that the nanoparticles in the films are small enough to significantly affect the crystal structure of the films. Scanning electron microscopy images showed surface homogeneity, with small granular grains of nanostructures without any cracks. The gas sensor created using the prepared samples showed high sensitivity to NO۲ and H۲S gases, and its sensitivity was measured at different operation temperatures, along with response and recovery times. The optical properties of In۲O۳ are affected by the addition of TiO۲ and NiO impurities. The In۲O۳ transmittance increases as the NiO ratio increases and the TiO۲ ratio decreases.

TiO۲-NiO@In۲O۳ NCTFs /glass substrate, crystal structure, High sensitivity, NO۲ and H۲S gas sensors, Optical properties