Abdullahi Mohammad Jalam - Department of Environmental Management Technology, Faculty of Environmental Technology, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria
Amir Hamzah Sharaai - Corresponding author: Department of Environment, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
Mariani Ariffin - Department of Environment, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
Norzalina Zainudin - Centre for Sustainable Consumption, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
Haruna Danladi Musa - Department of Urban & Regional Planning, Federal University of Technology Minna, Minna, Nigeria

Background: The health and productivity of the land across the Sahel are in declension due to desertification. This has lowered the quality of ecosystem services and has led to a vicious cycle of drought, famine, poverty, and insecurity in the region. As one of the flagship interventions of the UN’s decade (۲۰۲۰-۲۰۳۰) of ecosystem restoration to tackle desertification and respond to climate change, there are mixed reactions to the successes of the Great Green Wall (GGW) in Nigeria due to the failure of the Sustainability of Policy Instrument. Methods: A two-round Delphi reached consensus on ۴۲ sub-indicators under ۱۴ indicators as indicated by Kendell’s (W = ۰.۵۰۹, P = ۰.۰۰۱) and high correlation between rounds (rho = ۰.۹۵۹, P = ۰.۰۰۱). The indicators were then deployed to assess the GGW in a questionnaire (n = ۴۰۱) via a multi-stage sampling, and their performance was weighted using principal component analysis (PCA). Results: “Proportion of land reclaimed” was recorded as the highest-performing indicator due to the multifaceted afforestation program covering fodder and wood lot areas, while “dune fixation” has the least performance due to the lack of employment of ecological engineering tools. The findings showed that the presence of local jobs is not significant in raising the livelihood status above the poverty line. Conclusion: To meet the ۲۰۳۰ timeline, there is a need to scale up the implementation of the GGW and support the desert frontline states (DFS) with alternative energy to reduce the rate of deforestation.

Ecosystem, Climate change, Conservation of natural resources, Consensus, Poverty