Elham Sheykhsaran - Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ۵۱۶۶/۱۵۷۳۱ Tabriz, Iran; Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ۵۱۶۶/۱۵۷۳۱ Tabriz, Iran; Students’ Research Committee, Tabriz University o
Hamed Ebrahimzadeh Leylabadlo - Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Farbod Alinezhad - Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ۵۱۶۶/۱۵۷۳۱ Tabriz, Iran; Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ۵۱۶۶/۱۵۷۳۱ Tabriz, Iran
Hadi Feizi - Students’ Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ۵۱۶۶/۱۵۷۳۱ Tabriz, Iran
Hossein Bannazadeh Baghi - Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ۵۱۶۶/۱۵۷۳۱ Tabriz, Iran; Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ۵۱۶۶/۱۵۷۳۱ Tabriz, Iran; Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medicine,

The term "Nosocomial" is attributed to the diseases acquired by the patient under medical care. Various microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi, may contribute to developing nosocomial infections (NIs). Urinary tract infections (UTI), surgical-site infections (SSI), bloodstream infections (BSI), and pneumonia are the most well-known instances. We investigated various aspects of NIs and the main causative agents of NIs, particularly bacteria, antibiotic resistance, crucial viral infections in hospitals, and a brief survey of fungal infections. It was concluded that specific human body tissues such as those in the lungs and urinary tract are more likely to be a target for nosocomial pathogens. The fatalities associated with these infections, particularly in the intensive care unit (ICU), are serious concerns, and transmission by health facilities has become a primary medical issue because of its spread into the community. Another medical point is antibiotic resistance which is a leading cause of prolonged periods of hospitalization and makes the treatment procedure harder and costlier. Additionally, measures to prevent the spread of NIs and minimize the economic loss are discussed. All physicians and medical students must be updated about different kinds of these infections, their causative agents, challenges, and how to deal with them to reduce the consequences and improve public health.

Nosocomial infections, Antibiotic resistance, Bacterial and viral infections, Prevention and control