Nazanin Shamaeian Razavi - Department of Medical Education, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences,Iran
Roghayeh Gandomkar - Department of Medical Education, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Ali Jafarian - Division of Hepatopancreatobiliary & Liver Transplantation, Department of General Surgery, School of Medicine, TUMS, Tehran, Iran
Mohammad Jalili - Health Professions Education Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Team leadership in healthcare settings plays a fundamental role in ensuring that high-quality patient care is delivered. This study is the first to explore team leadership behaviors from the viewpoint of Iranian healthcare team members. This qualitative study was performed using directed content analysis. Face-to-face, semi-structured interviews were conducted with ۱۵ healthcare team members between October ۲۰۱۹ and June ۲۰۲۰. After each interview, the transcripts and related notes were read several times, semantic units were identified, and related codes were labeled. The specified codes were organized into subcategories and categories based on a predetermined framework placed in three main categories: transition, action, and interpersonal skills. Behaviors extracted from the transcripts consisted of ۸۳ codes placed in ۲۱ subcategories, and nine categories were assigned to three main categories of the predetermined framework. In the transition processes, situational analysis, teambuilding, debriefing, and feedback-seeking were the most influential leadership behaviors on the success of teamwork from the participants' viewpoints, especially members of surgical and emergency teams. Clinical competency, resource management, and coordination were more important leadership behaviors in the action processes, particularly in the opinion of attending doctors and nurses. Most participants emphasized conflict management, stress management, speaking up, encouragement, and accountability in interpersonal processes. This study improves our understanding of the leadership behaviors that influence successful teamwork achievement in healthcare settings. The findings have implications for further research and the enhancement of team leadership in healthcare settings, the development of structured team leadership training programs, and reliable assessment tools.

Team leadership, Healthcare, Leader behaviors, Viewpoints, Qualitative study, Critical incident interview