Neda Pirmoradi Amozegarfard - Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
Azam Mikani - Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
Mohammad Mehrabadi - Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
Saeid Moharramipour - Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.

The European grapevine moth, Lobesia botrana (Denis and Schiffermueller) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is a significant pest causing economic damage to vineyards worldwide. In this research, the cold tolerance of the pupae and its relationship with diapause was investigated at ۲۳ ± ۰.۵ °C, ۷۰ ± ۵% RH, and LD ۱۲:۱۲ h. One-day-old eggs were transferred to LD ۱۲:۱۲ h to induce diapause at the pupal stage. Diapausing pupae exhibited a mean supercooling point (SCP) of -۲۴.۳۵ °C, whereas in the non-diapausing pupae (۲۳ ± ۰.۵ °C, ۷۰ ± ۵% RH, LD ۱۶:۸ h), it was -۲۳.۰۶ °C, with no significant difference between the two groups. Furthermore, diapausing pupae demonstrated significantly higher cold tolerance (LT۵۰ of -۱۴.۴۳ °C) than non-diapausing pupae (LT۵۰ of -۳.۳۳ °C). Diapausing pupae tolerated subzero temperatures without significant changes in the SCP, tolerating ۱۱ °C lower than control pupae due to the short daylength alone. Our results suggest that the diapause state and cold hardiness of L. botrana are independent of changes after SCP, and the insect employs a freeze-intolerant strategy to overcome subzero temperatures. Cold acclimation at -۵ and -۱۰ °C for ۷۲ h induced a significant decrease in the SCP of diapausing pupae, while a ۷۲-h cold acclimation had no notable impact on the SCP of non-diapausing pupae. These findings provide valuable insights into the survival mechanisms of the European grapevine moth under cold conditions and diapause-related adaptations.

European grapevine moth, diapause induction, cold hardiness, supercooling point, tolerance