Mehran Ebrahimi Shah-abadi - Dept. of Surgery, Afzalipour Hospital, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
Armin Ariaei - Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Hossein Mohammadi - Dept. of Bioimaging, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (MUI), Isfahan, Iran
Arash Shabani - Dept. of Radiological Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Rastegar Rahmani Tanha - Dept. of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
Vahid Tavakolian Ferdousie - Dept. of Neurosurgery, Bahonar Hospital, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
Abdolmajid Taheri - Dept. of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
Mohsen Marzban - Student Research Committee, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
Mahdi Heydari - Dept. of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
Auob Rustamzadeh - Dept. of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

PNS (Peripheral nervous system) disease comprises a wide range of manifestations from acruable damage to nerve body degeneration. Finding proper imaging sequences of MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) to maximize the detection sensitivity and specificity of PNS injuries, is the purpose for which this study was conducted. In this regard, due to Wallerian degeneration, axonal degeneration and inflammation after nerve injury, were mentioned as the inseparable factors of nerve damage, and clues to be detected by the MRI. Gadofluorine M and USPIO nanoparticles are candidates which provide contrast in multiple aspects, such as diagnostic approaches and drug tracking. For instance, the P۹۰۴ USPIO particle is proper for long-term monitoring, while the CS۰۱۵ (PAA-coated USPIO), USPIO-PEG-tLyP-۱, and USPIO nanovesicles are appropriate for drug delivery. Besides contrast agents, the implication of gradient echo or ۳D DW-PSIF provides more precious data over conventional sequences, including T۲-weighed on the physiological or pathological PNS status. Eventually, although the real-time imaging and simplified procedure of the ultrasound technique have advantages over MRI, the low-resolution disvalues its benefits. Alternatively, there is a growing trend in the application of Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) to acquire a clear concept of disease diagnosis, along with Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to successfully monitor the rate of nerve regeneration that is applicable for therapeutic approaches.

PNS, MRI, Ultrasound, Nanoparticle, Nerve Regeneration