Ali Azizi Ganjgah - Department of Physics‎, ‎Faculty of Science‎, ‎University of Guilan‎, ‎Postal Code ۴۱۹۳۸۳۳۶۹۷‎, ‎Rasht‎, ‎Iran
Payvand Taherparvar - Department of Physics‎, ‎Faculty of Science‎, ‎University of Guilan‎, ‎Postal Code ۴۱۹۳۸۳۳۶۹۷‎, ‎Rasht‎, ‎Iran

Radiation therapy aims to maximize doses to cancer cells while minimizing damage to normal tissues. Today, nanoparticles containing high-atomic-number elements, such as gold, gadolinium, and silver, have proven effective as radiosensitizers in radiotherapy to enhance dose delivery for cancer treatment. In this study, we used the Geant۴-DNA toolkit to investigate the effects of multiple nanoparticles (NPs) with varying sizes (radius= ۳.۱۵ to ۵ nm) on DNA damage when exposed to monoenergetic photons with energies of ۱۵, ۴۰, ۵۰, and ۶۸ keV. Direct and indirect single-strand breaks (SSBs), double-strand breaks (DSBs), and hybrid double-strand breaks (Hybrid DSBs) were calculated in the presence and absence of ۱ to ۴ nanoparticles (NPs) of the same total volume of gold, gadolinium, and silver nanoparticles for the ۱ZBB model (selected from the Protein Data Bank (PDB) library). The results show that increasing the number of gold, gadolinium, and silver NPs and decreasing the photon beam energy increases the total number of strand breaks. Furthermore, gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are more effective options than gadolinium nanoparticles (GdNPs), and silver nanoparticles (SNPs) for inhibiting and controlling cancer cells.

DNA damage, Single-strand break, Double-strand break, Hybrid break, Geant۴-DNA, Photon beams, Nanoparticle