Hamid Nasiri - Doctoral student, Department of Marine Industries, Science and Research Branch, Islamic AzadUniversity, Tehran, Iran.

Sea transportation, an age-old practice, remains a cornerstone of global commerce, connecting distant shores and driving economic growth. This article delves into the evolution, challenges, and future prospects of sea transportation, tracing its rich history from ancient seafaring civilizations to the modern era of containerized shipping and technological innovation. Despite its pivotal role in facilitating trade and connectivity, the maritime industry faces a host of challenges, including environmental degradation, piracy, and geopolitical tensions. Efforts to address these challenges are underway, with advancements in clean propulsion technologies, enhanced maritime security measures, and the emergence of smart port infrastructure. Looking ahead, the future of sea transportation is shaped by technological innovation, geopolitical dynamics, and shifting trade patterns. Automation, digitalization, and the exploration of new maritime routes hold promise for enhancing efficiency, sustainability, and resilience in an increasingly interconnected world. As we navigate the waves of the ۲۱st century, sea transportation remains a vital conduit for global trade, forging new pathways towards prosperity and progress on the high seas

Undersea infrastructure, Pipeline integrity, Risk mitigation, Emergency preparedness, Environmental protection