Ali Asghar Ketabchi - Associate Professor, Physiology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
Mohammad Reza Ebad Zadeh - Assistant Professor, Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
Saeedeh Parvaresh - Assistant Professor, Department of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
Golam Reza Moshtaghi-Kashanian - Associate Professor, Department of Medical laboratory Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.

Background: The main goal of this study is to determine the relationship between opium dependency and frequency of urolithiasis renal colics. Methods: In a cross sectional study we compared opium dependency in urolithiasis patients (case group) with non-urolithiasis patients (control group) and assessed urolithiasis related renal colics as risk factor to opium dependency prevalence. Dependency was defined as the diagnostic criteria specified in DSM-IV questionnaire and Urolithiasis was diagnosed by standard methods (imaging modalities as US, X-Ray). Findings: From ۴۵۰ urolithiasis adult patients (۱۲۰ female and ۳۷۰ male with the age range of ۱۸-۶۷ years) ۱۵۷ (۳۴.۸۸%) were opium addicts, however from the ۳۴۰ non-urolithiasis patients (matched age group and gender ratios) only۱۶ (۴.۷۰%) were opium addicts (P < ۰.۰۰۱). ۵۶.۶۸% of urolithiasis patients (who had a history of more than ۱۵ renal colics (related to stone forming frequencies) were addicts for more than ۱۰ years (P < ۰.۰۵). A strong positive correlation between the duration of dependency and renal colic rate was detected in these patients (P < ۰.۰۰۱, r = ۰.۹۹۹). Conclusion: This study showed that the risk of opium dependency is higher among urolithiasis patients. Moreover, there was a relation between urolithiasis frequencies (renal colics) and the duration of dependency. Other factors such as severity of pain, perception and faith of patients in the therapeutic effects of opium or local availability of opium were also effective in opium dependency.   Keywords: Urolithiasis, Renal colic, Opium, Dependency