Roghaye Farhadi Hassankiadeh - Department of Biostatistics, School of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
Annette Dobson - School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
Somayeh Rahimi - Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
Abdollah Jalilian - Department of Statistics, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
Volker J. Schmid - Department of Statistics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
Behzad Mahaki - Department of Biostatistics, School of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran

Background  This study aimed to comprehensively analyze the overall congenital heart disease (CHD) prevalence in live births and children in Iran, along with evaluating the spatial distribution of CHD birth prevalence across various geographical regions within the country. Methods  A Bayesian hierarchical meta-analysis (PROSPERO ۲۰۲۲: CRD۴۲۰۲۲۳۳۱۲۸۱) was performed to determine the pooled prevalence. A systematic search was conducted using Web of Science, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Iranian Research Institute for Information Science and Technology (IranDoc), Scientific Information Database (SID), and Magiran until October ۴, ۲۰۲۳. Cross-sectional and cohort studies in both English and Persian languages, focusing on the age range of ۰-۱۰ years, were considered for the study population. The study quality was evaluated using the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) Risk of Bias tool. Heterogeneity was assessed by I۲ and τ۲ statistics, and publication bias by Egger’s and Begg’s tests. Results  The meta-analysis included ۶۲ studies, revealing an overall CHD prevalence of ۲.۵ per ۱۰۰۰ births. Over time, CHD birth prevalence in Iran has consistently increased. Spatial distribution analysis, including spatial autocorrelation and local spatial autocorrelation, indicated no spatial clustering (P = .۴۶) or aggregation (P = .۶۵) among Iran’s provinces. Geographic disparities were significant (P = .۰۰۰), with the northern and eastern regions showing the highest and lowest CHD prevalence, respectively. Conclusion  The overall CHD prevalence in Iran is lower than global rates, but it continues to rise. Furthermore, there are variations in birth prevalence among different regions of Iran. Environmental, genetic, socioeconomic, and diagnostic accessibility differences are possibly involved in regional variation. The limitations like heterogeneity among studies, the potential inaccuracy of reports due to limited use of accurate diagnostic methods in some studies, and the absence of population-based models to investigate prevalence, underscore the urgent need for standardized diagnostic approaches, and the utilization of population-wide birth defect registries to accurately assess CHD prevalence in Iran.

spatial distribution, Birth Prevalence, Congenital Heart Disease, Iran, Systematic Review, Hierarchical Bayesian Meta-analysis